REVIEW PAPER
Burning mouth syndrome: epidemiology, diagnosis and modern treatment standards.
1
Uniwersytet Medyczny, Gdańsk, Polska
Corresponding author
Med Og Nauk Zdr. 2020;26(3):244-248
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
Biomedyczne aspekty zdrowia i chorobyZdrowie publiczneProfilaktyka chorób i promocja zdrowiaEpidemiologiaPsychologia i socjologia zdrowia
ABSTRACT
Introduction:
A burning sensation in the mouth is one of the reasons for visiting a doctor. Often, the doctor does not identify any pathological changes in the oral mucosa, and as a result, the patient is often referred to other physicians, which causes prolongation of the suffering and uncertainty due to the lack of diagnosis.
Objective:
The aim of the study was as a reminder and to sum-up knowledge about burning mouth syndrome (BMS).
Brief description of the state of knowledge:
BMS is an intraoral burning sensation that occurs within the oral mucosa despite the absence of pathological changes. Symptoms can occur every day for more than 3 months, and last more than 2 hours per day. Symptoms typically involve the tongue (67.9%), usually 2/3 of its frontal part. Pain may also affect the mucosa of the entire mouth. The incidence ratio for males and females ranges from 1: 5–1: 7 and increases with age for both genders, especially for women in the perimenopausal period. BMS is a multifactorial disease. There are many known local, systemic, and psychological factors that can cause the disease. The average delay in making the correct diagnosis is from 34–41 months. Only 3% of patients have a spontaneous remission of symptoms within 5 years of onset of disease.
Conclusions:
Burning mouth syndrome is a chronic pain condition of unknown cause. The diagnosis of BMS involves the exclusion of other disease entities that could be the cause of pain. Currently, there is no effective, safe, and confirmed diagnostic and therapeutic procedure.
A burning sensation in the mouth is one of the reasons for visiting a doctor. Often, the doctor does not identify any pathological changes in the oral mucosa, and as a result, the patient is often referred to other physicians, which causes prolongation of the suffering and uncertainty due to the lack of diagnosis.
Objective:
The aim of the study was as a reminder and to sum-up knowledge about burning mouth syndrome (BMS).
Brief description of the state of knowledge:
BMS is an intraoral burning sensation that occurs within the oral mucosa despite the absence of pathological changes. Symptoms can occur every day for more than 3 months, and last more than 2 hours per day. Symptoms typically involve the tongue (67.9%), usually 2/3 of its frontal part. Pain may also affect the mucosa of the entire mouth. The incidence ratio for males and females ranges from 1: 5–1: 7 and increases with age for both genders, especially for women in the perimenopausal period. BMS is a multifactorial disease. There are many known local, systemic, and psychological factors that can cause the disease. The average delay in making the correct diagnosis is from 34–41 months. Only 3% of patients have a spontaneous remission of symptoms within 5 years of onset of disease.
Conclusions:
Burning mouth syndrome is a chronic pain condition of unknown cause. The diagnosis of BMS involves the exclusion of other disease entities that could be the cause of pain. Currently, there is no effective, safe, and confirmed diagnostic and therapeutic procedure.
REFERENCES (31)
1.
Bender SD. Burning Mouth Syndrome. Dent Clin North Am. 2018 Oct; 62(4): 585–96.
2.
Dahiya P, Kamal R, Kumar M, Niti, Gupta R, Chaudhary K. Burning mouth syndrome and menopause. Int J Prev Med. 2013 Jan; 4(1): 15–20.
3.
Dym H, Lin S, Thakkar J. Neuropathic Pain and Burning Mouth Syndrome: An Overview and Current Update. Vol. 64, Dental Clinics of North America. W.B. Saunders; 2020, pp. 379–99.
4.
Paudel D, Utsunomiya M, Yoshida K, Giri S, Uehara O, Matsuoka H, et al. Pharmacotherapy in relieving the symptoms of burning mouth syndrome: A 1‐year follow‐up study. Oral Dis. 2020 Jan 26; 26(1): 193–9.
5.
Freilich JE, Kuten-Shorrer M, Treister NS, Woo S-B, Villa A. Burning mouth syndrome: a diagnostic challenge. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2020 Feb; 129(2): 120–4.
6.
Jääskeläinen SK, Woda A. Burning mouth syndrome. Cephalalgia. 2017 Jun; 15; 37(7): 627–47.
7.
Summary C, Acknowledgement R. M Edical I Maging P Rocedures: I Nformation and P Atient M Anagement. 2014; 14(4): 1–26.
8.
Jääskeläinen SK. Pathophysiology of primary burning mouth syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol. 2012 Jan; 123(1): 71–7.
9.
Périer JM, Boucher Y. History of burning mouth syndrome (1800–1950): A review. Vol. 25, Oral Diseases. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2019, pp. 425–38.
10.
Kohorst JJ, Bruce AJ, Torgerson RR, Schenck LA, Davis MDP. A Population-Based Study of the Incidence of Burning Mouth Syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc. 2014 Nov; 89(11): 1545–52.
11.
Coculescu EC, Tovaru S, Coculescu BI. Epidemiological and etiological aspects of burning mouth syndrome. J Med Life. 2014; 7(3): 305–9.
12.
Restivo DA, Vigneri R, Marchese-Ragona R, Pavone A, Lauria G. Botulinum toxin for burning mouth syndrome. J Neurol Sci. 2017 Oct; 381: 166–7.
13.
Sun A, Wu K-M, Wang Y-P, Lin H-P, Chen H-M, Chiang C-P. Burning mouth syndrome: a review and update. J Oral Pathol Med. 2013 Oct; 42(9): 649–55.
14.
Sun A, Wu KM, Wang YP, Lin HP, Chen HM, Chiang CP. Burning mouth syndrome: A review and update. J Oral Pathol Med. 2013; 42(9): 649–55.
15.
Imamura Y, Shinozaki T, Okada-Ogawa A, Noma N, Shinoda M, Iwata K et al. An updated review on pathophysiology and management of burning mouth syndrome with endocrinological, psychological and neuropathic perspectives. J Oral Rehabil. 2019; 46: 574–87.
16.
Khan J, Anwer M, Noboru N, Thomas D, Kalladka M. Topical application in burning mouth syndrome. J Dent Sci. 2019 Dec; 14(4): 352–7.
17.
de Souza FTA, Teixeira AL, Amaral TMP, Santos TPM dos, Abreu MHNG, Silva TA et al. Psychiatric disorders in burning mouth syndrome. J Psychosom Res. 2012 Feb; 72(2): 142–6.
19.
Jørgensen MR, Pedersen AML. Analgesic effect of topical oral capsaicin gel in burning mouth syndrome. Acta Odontol Scand. 2017 Feb 17; 75(2): 130–6.
20.
Liu Y, Kim Y, Yoo T, Han P, Inman J. Burning mouth syndrome: a systematic review of treatments. Oral Dis. 2018 Apr; 24(3): 325–34.
21.
Kishore J, Shaikh F, Mirza S, Raffat MA, Ikram S, Akram Z. Cytokine levels and their role in the etiopathogenesis of Burning Mouth Syndrome: A systematic review. Cephalalgia. 2019; 39: 1586–94.
22.
Kim H-I, Kim Y-Y, Chang J-Y, Ko J-Y, Kho H-S. Salivary cortisol, 17β-estradiol, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and α-amylase in patients with burning mouth syndrome. Oral Dis. 2012 Sep; 18(6): 613–20.
23.
Poon R, Su N, Ching V, Darling M, Grushka M. Reduction in unstimulated salivary flow rate in burning mouth syndrome. Br Dent J. 2014; 217(7): E14.
24.
Imura H, Shimada M, Yamazaki Y, Sugimoto K. Characteristic changes of saliva and taste in burning mouth syndrome patients. J Oral Pathol Med. 2016 Mar; 45(3): 231–6.
25.
Klasser GD, Grushka M, Su N. Burning Mouth Syndrome. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2016 Aug; 28(3): 381–96.
26.
Ni Riordain R, O’Dwyer S, McCreary C. Burning mouth syndrome – a diagnostic dilemma. Ir J Med Sci. 2019 Aug 1; 188(3): 731–4.
27.
Ji EH, Diep C, Liu T, Li H, Merrill R, Messadi D, et al. Potential protein biomarkers for burning mouth syndrome discovered by quantitative proteomics. Mol Pain. 2017 Jan; 13: 1–8.
28.
Yoon SA, Weierich MR. Salivary biomarkers of neural hypervigilance in trauma-exposed women. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2016 Jan; 63: 17–25.
29.
Kolkka M, Forssell H, Virtanen A, Puhakka A, Pesonen U, Jääskeläinen SK. Neurophysiology and genetics of burning mouth syndrome. Eur J Pain (United Kingdom). 2019 Jul 1; 23(6): 1153–61.
30.
Kassem H, Alexandre L, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Mandibular Nerve Block for Long-Term Pain Relief in a Case of Refractory Burning Mouth Syndrome. Pain Ther. 2020 Feb; 12;1–3.
31.
Al-Maweri SA, Javed F, Kalakonda B, AlAizari NA, Al-Soneidar W, Al-Akwa A. Efficacy of low level laser therapy in the treatment of burning mouth syndrome: A systematic review. Photodiag Photodynam Therapy. 2017; 17: 188–93.
| eISSN: | 2084-4905 |
| ISSN: | 2083-4543 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
