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Wprowadzenie i cel:
Krótkołańcuchowe kwasy tłuszczowe (ang. short-chain fatty acids, SCFA) to substancje, które są naturalnie wytwarzane i metabolizowane w organizmie człowieka. Niosą one liczne korzystne dla organizmu skutki i mogą wspomóc leczenie wielu chorób. W niniejszym artykule dokonano przeglądu aktualnego stanu wiedzy na temat SCFA, analizując ich produkcję, mechanizm działania i potencjalne zastosowanie w medycynie.

Metody przeglądu:
Niniejsza praca bazuje na analizie literatury dostępnej w bazie danych PubMed. Wykorzystane do przeglądu artykuły wyselekcjonowano z użyciem następujących słów kluczowych: „krótkołańcuchowe kwasy tłuszczowe”, „mikrobiom jelit”, „maślan”.

Opis stanu wiedzy:
Krótkołańcuchowe kwasy tłuszczowe są substancjami wytwarzanymi przez bakterie komensalne zamieszkujące jelito grube. Trzy główne SCFA to: maślan, propionian i octan. Są one produktami zachodzącego w przewodzie pokarmowym bakteryjnego metabolizmu błonnika pokarmowego. SCFA mają właściwości przeciwzapalne, modulują mikrobiotę jelitową i układ odpornościowy, pomagają utrzymać zdrowie jelit, w tym integralność bariery nabłonkowej jelit. Podjęto wiele prób zastosowania SCFA do leczenia różnych chorób, przy czym stwierdzono nieliczne działania niepożądane. Badania opierały się głównie na interwencjach dietetycznych, polegających na dostarczaniu błonnika, probiotyków i sfermentowanej żywności zawierającej SCFA. Obiecujące wyniki zaobserwowano w odniesieniu do terapii otyłości, cukrzycy, chorób zapalnych jelit, zaburzeń lipidowych i chorób sercowo-naczyniowych.

Podsumowanie:
Podsumowując, SCFA są niezbędne dla utrzymania ludzkiego zdrowia. Ich unikalna bioaktywność, naturalne występowanie i bezpieczeństwo mogą prowadzić do ich szerszego zastosowania w medycynie.


Introduction and objective:
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are substances that are naturally produced and metabolised in the human body. They exert many beneficial effects on the system and could help treat many diseases. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on SCFA, analysing their production, mechanism of action and potential use in medicine.

Review methods:
The review is based on an analysis of literature available in the PubMed database using the key words: ‹short-chain fatty acids, ‹gut microbiome›, ‹butyrate›.

Brief description of the state of knowledge:
Short-chain fatty acids are common substances produced by commensal bacteria residing in the large intestine. Three major SCFA are: butyrate, propionate and acetate, products of bacterial metabolism of dietary fibre that naturally occur in the gastrointestinal tract. SCFA have anti-inflammatory properties, modulate the gut microbiota and the immune system, help maintain the health of the gut, including the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier. Many attempts have been made to incorporate SCFA into the treatment of various diseases, and few adverse effects have been documented. The studies primarily focused on diet interventions with dietary fiber, probiotics and fermented foods containing SCFA. Promising results have been observed regarding, inter alia, the therapy of obesity, diabetes, inflammatory bowel diseases, lipid disorders and cardiovascular diseases.

Summary:
Short-chain fatty acids are vital for the mainteance of human health. Their unique bioactivity, natural occurrence and safety could potentially lead to their wider application in medicine.

 
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