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PRACA PRZEGLĄDOWA
 
SŁOWA KLUCZOWE
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STRESZCZENIE
Wprowadzenie i cel:
Złośliwe nowotwory odbytu i odbytnicy stanowią poważny problem zdrowotny na świecie, w tym w Polsce. W 2021 roku nowotwory złośliwe odbytnicy stanowiły 4,1% przypadków u mężczyzn i 2,4% u kobiet, a rak odbytu i kanału odbytu 0,5% wszystkich nowotworów. Nowotwory te zaliczane są do grupy nowotworów jelita grubego (C18-C21) według ICD-10 są one trzecim najczęstszym nowotworem u mężczyzn i drugim u kobiet na świecie. Celem pracy było opisanie wybranych czynników ryzyka rozwoju raka odbytu i odbytnicy na podstawie dostępnej literatury

Metody przeglądu:
Przeprowadzono przegląd literatury. Poszukiwano artykułów dotyczących raka odbytu i odbytnicy. Wyszukiwanie przeprowadzono w dwóch bazach danych: Google Scholar i PubMed, używając słów kluczowych takich jak: „rak”, „rak odbytu”, „rak odbytnicy”, „czynniki ryzyka”, „HPV”, „mikrobiota jelitowa”, „zaparcia”, „błonnik”, „otyłość”, „aktywność fizyczna”, „rak jelita grubego”. Przeanalizowano 34 artykuły naukowe z lat 2013–2023. Nie stosowano ograniczeń językowych, a wybór literatury został przeprowadzony samodzielnie na podstawie zgodności z tematem badania

Opis stanu wiedzy:
Czynnikami mogącymi zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju nowotworów odbytu lub odbytnicy jest starszy wiek, występowanie nowotworów w rodzinie, palenie tytoniu, infekcja wirusem HPV, otyłość, niski poziom aktywności fizycznej, zaparcia, nieprawidłowy skład mikrobioty oraz nieodpowiednia dieta.

Podsumowanie:
Rak odbytu i odbytnicy, mimo że tworzą się w miejscach bliskich anatomicznie, są to dwa odrębne schorzenia różniące się pod względem etiopatogenezy, czynników ryzyka, rokowań oraz metod leczenia. Chociaż rak brzegu odbytu i kanału odbytu jest stosunkowo rzadkim nowotworem złośliwym, w połączeniu z rakiem odbytnicy stanowi poważne zagrożenie zdrowotne. Jednak nowotworom tym można zapobiegać poprzez świadome wybory dotyczące stylu życia.

Introduction and objective:
Malignant tumours of the anus and rectum represent a serious health issue in Poland and worldwide. In Poland in 2021, malignant rectal cancers accounted for 4.1% of cases in men and 2.4% in women, while cancers of the anus and anal canal made up 0.5% of all cancers. These tumours are classified within the group of colorectal cancers (C18-C21) according to ICD-10. Globally, they are the third most common cancer in men and the second most common in women. The aim of this article is to describe selected risk factors for the development of anal and rectal cancer based on available literature

Review methods:
A literature review was conducted, focusing on articles related to anal and rectal cancer. The search was performed in two databases: Google Scholar and PubMed, using such key words as: cancer, anal cancer, rectal cancer, risk factors, HPV, microbiota, gut microbiota, constipation, fibre, obesity, physical activity, colorectal cancer. A total of 34 scientific articles from 2013–2023 were analyzed. No language restrictions were applied, and the selection of literature was made independently based on its relevance to the research topic.

Brief description of the state of knowledge:
Factors that may increase the risk of developing anal or rectal cancers include age, a family history of cancer, smoking, HPV infection, obesity, low levels of physical activity, constipation, microbiota composition, and diet.

Summary:
Despite their close anatomical proximity, anal and rectal cancers are two distinct conditions that differ in terms of etiopathogenesis, risk factors, prognosis, and treatment methods. Although cancer of the anal margin and anal canal is relatively rare, when combined with rectal cancer, they pose significant health risks. However, these cancers can be prevented by a properly informed healthy lifestyle
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