The objective of the study was to obtain information concerning prophylactic behaviours of rural women with respect to breast cancer. The study was conducted among inhabitants of the rural areas in the Lublin Region (402 women) who responded to an invitation to participate in the study. The control group (100 women) were urbaninhabitants from the Lublin Region. The study covered a total number of 502 women aged 35-70 and over. A questionnaire form containing 42 questions was applied. In addition, all respondents had mammography performed in the Department of Imaging Diagnostics at the Institute of Agricultural Medicine in Lublin. The result of mammographic examination was correlated with the results of the survey. The results of the study showed that as many as 30% of rural women who participated in the survey had never had mammography nor performed self-examination of the breast, while the remainder perform this examination in a non-systematic way – ‘sometimes’ (61.5%). More than a half of the respondents living in rural areas never performed mammography, and as many as 77.7% never had a diagnosis of the breast by performing USG examination. Such a distribution of replies allows the conclusion that women living in rural areas encounter many barriers (psychological, economic, as well as organizational) hindering the performance of these examinations.