REVIEW PAPER
Tobacco smoking as cerebral stroke risk factor
1
Oddział Neurologii z Pododdziałem Udarowym Samodzielnego Publicznego Zakładu Opieki Zdrowotnej Ministerstwa Spraw Wewnętrznych w Lublinie
2
Klinika Neurologii z Pododdziałem Udarowym i Wczesnej Rehabilitacji Samodzielnego Publicznego Szpitala Klinicznego w Lublinie
Med Og Nauk Zdr. 2014;20(1):17-20
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Cerebral stroke is among the leading causes of deaths worldwide, and the main cause of disability among adults. Cigarette smoking is an important, independent and modifiable risk factor of cerebral stroke. There are approximately 50 milion stroke survivors worldwide, and more than 5 million people annually die of stroke. It has been established that more than one fourth of cases of cerebral stroke may be related with cigarette smoking. With respect to non-smokers, the largest group at risk are middle-age smokers. The relative risk of stroke increases with the number of cigarettes smoked, depends on the type of stroke, and does not clearly depend on gender. There is increasing evidence that passive smoking is also a risk factor of stroke. After cessation of smoking, within two years, the relative risk of stroke significantly decreases, and after five years reaches the value observed among non-smokers. This confirmed the cause-effect relationship between cigarette smoking and undergoing a stroke. Addiction to nicotine is a disease which is life threatening, the treatment of which should be undertaken by physicians of all specialties. Neurologists should also contribute to the dissemination of anti-nicotine interventions in patients who had undergone cerebral stroke. In these patients it is necessary to introduce anti-nicotine interventions into the programmes of secondary prophylaxis and rehabilitation procedure. An intensification of actions and acceleration of the desired changes in this area are also necessary.
Key words: cerebral stroke, tobacco smoking, nicotine addiction
REFERENCES (31)
1.
Raport Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia na temat globalnej epidemii tytoniu 2008: MPOWER, Geneva, 2008.
3.
Bonita R, Mendis S, Truelsen T, Bogusslavsky J, Toole J, Yatsu F: The global stroke initiative. Lancet Neurol 2004; 3: 391–393.
4.
Członkowska A, Niewada M. Wybrane choroby układu nerwowego: Udar mózgu. W: Szczeklik A. (red.). Choroby wewnętrzne. Kraków: Medycyna Praktyczna; 2006: 1903.
5.
Hankey GJ: Smoking and risk of stroke. J Cardiovasc Risk 1999; 6: 207–2011.
6.
Goldstein LB, Adams R, Alberts MJ, Appel LJ, Brass LM, Bushenell CD, Culebras A, DeGraba TJ, Gorelick PB, Guyton JR, Hart RG, Howard G, Kelly-Hayes M, Nixon JV, Sacco RL. American Stroke Association Stroke Council. Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: cosponsored by the Atherosclrotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group: Cardiovascular Nursing Council: Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation 2006; 113: 873–923.
7.
Shinton R, Beevers G: Meta-analysis of relation between cigarette smoking and stroke. Br Med J 1989; 298: 789–794.
8.
Wolf PA, D. Agostino RB, Kannel WB, Bonita R, Belanber AJ: Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for stroke: The Framingham Study. JAMA 1988; 259: 1025–1029.
9.
Abbott RD, Yin Y, Reed DM, Yano K. Risk of stroke in male cigarette smokers. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 717–720.
10.
Bak S, Sindrup SH, AlslevT, Kristensen O, Christensen K, Gaist D: Cessation of smoking after first-ever stroke: a follow-up study. Stroke 2002; 33: 2263–2269.
11.
Sauerbeck LR, Khoury JC, Woo D, Kissela BM, Moomaw CJ, Broderick JP: Smoking cessation after stroke: Education and its effect on behavior. J Neurosci Nurs 2005; 37: 316–319.
12.
You RX, Thrift AG, McNeil JJ, Davis SM, Donnan GA: Ischemic stroke risk and passive exposure to spouses’ cigarette smoking. Melbourne Stroke Risk Factor Study (MERFS) Group. Am J Public Health 1999; 89: 572–575.
13.
Zatorski P, Sienkiewicz-Jarosz H, Ścińska A, Korkosz A, Ryglewicz D: Tabacco smoking as a risk factor for cerebral stroke. Postępy w psychiatrii i Neurologii 2008; 17(1): 45–51.
14.
Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Castelli WP, D’Agostino RB: Fibrinogen and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Framingham Study. JAMA 1987; 258: 1183–1186.
15.
Wannamethee G, Perry IJ, Shaper AG: Haematocrit, hypertension and risk of stroke. J Intern Med: 1994; 235: 163–168.
16.
Ambrose JA, Barua RS: The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 1731–1737.
17.
Benowitz NL: Cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology and implications for treatment. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2003; 46: 91–111.
18.
Johnson FK, Johnson RA: Carbone monoxide promotes endothelium – dependent constriction of isolated gracilis muscle rterioles. Am J Physiol Regul Inter Comp Physiol 2003; 285: 536–541.
19.
Zhu B, Sun Y, Sievers RE, Shuman JL, Glantz SA, Chatterjee K, Parmley WW, Wolfe CL: L-arginine decreases infarct size in rats exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Am Heart J 1996; 132: 91–100.
20.
Fusegawa Y, Goto S, Handa S, Kawada T, Ando Y: Platelet spontaneous aggregation in platelet-rich plasma is increased in habitual smokers. Thromb Res 1999; 93: 271–278.
21.
Simpson AJ, Gray RS, Moore NR, Booth NA: The effects of chronic smoking on the fibrinolytic potential of plasma and platelets. Br J Haematol 1997; 97: 208–213.
22.
Chuch DF, Pryor WA: Free radical chemistry of cigarette smoke and its toxicological implications. Environ Health Perspect 1985, 64, 111–126.
23.
Michalak S, Kazimierski R, Osztynowicz K, Kmiećkowiak M, Wencel- Warot A, Kozubski W: The effect of cigarette smoking on serum activities of paraoxonase and arylesterase in stroke patient. Przegląd Lekarski 2009; 10: 617–621.
25.
Poredos P, Orehek M, Tratnik E: Smoking is associated with dose-related increase of intima-media thickness and endothelial dysfunction. Angiology 1999; 50: 201–208.
26.
Tracy RP, Psaty BM, Macy E: Lifetime smoking exposure affects the association of C-reactive protein with cardiovascular disease risk factors and subclinical disease in healthy elderly subjects. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17: 2167–2176.
27.
Poulter NR, Chang CL, Farley TMM, Meirik O, Marmot MG: Ischemic stroke and combined oral contraceptives: results of an international, multicentre, case-control study. WHO Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. Lancet 1996; 348: 498–505.
28.
Bonita R, Scragg R, Stewart A, Jackson R, Beaglehole R: Cigarette smoking and risk of premature stroke in men and woman. Br Med J 1986; 293: 6–8.
29.
Szolnoki Z, Samogyvári F, Kandacs A, Szabo M, Fodor L, Bene J, Melegh B: Evaluation of the modifying effects of unfavourable genotypes on classical clinical risk factors for ischemic stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74: 1615–1620.
30.
Kaźmierski R, Michalak S, Adamczewska-Kociałkowska D, Kozubski W: The effect of tabacco smoking on clinimetric evaluation of stroke patients. Przegląd Lekarski 200;10: 561–564.
31.
Hill MD, Silver FL, Austin PC, Tu JV: Rate of stroke recurrence in patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2000; 31: 123–127.
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 2084-4905 |
| ISSN: | 2083-4543 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
