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Wprowadzenie i cel:
Częstość występowania syndromu drugiej ofiary jest trudna do oszacowania, ale badania sugerują, że może on dotyczyć od 9 do 38,7% pracowników ochrony zdrowia. Niniejszy przegląd ma na celu zdefiniowanie zjawiska „drugiej ofiary” w kontekście niepożądanych zdarzeń medycznych oraz ocenę jego wpływu na personel medyczny. Dodatkowo skupia się na analizie strategii wsparcia zdrowia psychicznego i efektywności zawodowej pracowników ochrony zdrowia.

Metody przeglądu:
W ramach przeglądu narracyjnego przeprowadzono systematyczne przeszukiwanie literatury w trzech głównych bazach danych: PubMed, Web of Science oraz Science Direct.

Opis stanu wiedzy:
Badania wskazują, że personel medyczny jako druga ofiara doświadcza objawów psychologicznych i fizycznych po zdarzeniu, takich jak: nieustające poczucie winy, utrata wiary we własne umiejętności zawodowe, depresja, myśli samobójcze, wypalenie zawodowe, a także zaburzenia snu czy odżywiania. Zjawisko to może również prowadzić do wystąpienia zespołu stresu pourazowego (PTSD). Co równie ważne, syndrom drugiej ofiary wpływa negatywnie na wydajność pracy, a więc jakość opieki nad pacjentami, i może skłaniać personel do praktykowania medycyny defensywnej, zwiększając koszty i ryzyko popełniania kolejnych błędów. Kluczowe jest zatem zapewnienie pracownikom ochrony zdrowia wsparcia, aby uchronić ich przed długoterminowymi skutkami syndromu.

Podsumowanie:
Zrozumienie syndromu drugiej ofiary i skuteczne programy wsparcia dla pracowników ochrony zdrowia są kluczowe dla poprawy bezpieczeństwa pacjentów i dobrostanu personelu medycznego. Organizacja ochrony zdrowia powinna podejmować wysiłki w celu integrowania tych aspektów w ramach systemów opieki zdrowotnej.


Introduction and objective:
This review aims to define the phenomenon of the ‘second victim’ in the context of adverse medical events and to assess its impact on medical personnel. The prevalence of second victim syndrome is difficult to estimate, but research suggests that it may affect between 9% – 38.7% of healthcare workers. In addition, the review focuses on analyzing support strategies for mental health and the professional effectiveness of healthcare workers.

Review methods:
The review comprised a systematic literature search in three main databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct.

Brief description of the state of knowledge:
Research indicates that medical personnel, as the second victim, experience psychological and physical symptoms after the event, such as constant guilt, loss of faith in professional skills, depression, suicidal thoughts, and professional burnout, as well as sleep or eating disorders. The phenomenon can also lead to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Equally important, the second victim syndrome negatively affects work efficiency, and the quality of patient care and may encourage staff to practice defensive medicine, increasing the costs and risk of making further mistakes. Providing support to protect healthcare workers from the long-term effects of the syndrome is crucial.

Summary:
Understanding second victim syndrome and effective support programmes are key to improving patient safety and the well-being of healthcare workers. Efforts should be undertaken by healthcare organizations in such a way as to integrate these aspects within healthcare systems.

Gibalska-Dembek A, Sys DN. Medical personnel as the ‘second victim’ of an adverse medical event – narrative review. Med Og Nauk Zdr. 2024; 30(2): 104–111. doi: 10.26444/monz/189260
 
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