Introduction and objective:
Eosinophilic esophagitis is an immune-mediated disease. Clinically, it is characterized by esophageal dysfunction, and histologically – by inflammatory infiltration of eosinophils in the wall of this organ. Chronic inflammation in the esophageal wall leads to structural changes and, secondarily, to increasing symptoms of dysphagia. The aim of this study is to discuss current knowledge about eosinophilic esophagitis and new treatment options for this disease.

Review methods:
The PubMed database was used to review the literature. An electronic literature search was conducted, limited to specific years of publication (2007–2023), using search terms in the form of the following phrases in English: „Eosinophilic esophagitis“, „Eosinophilic esophagitis treatment“, „Eosinophilic esophagitis biological treatment“, „Eosinophilic esophagitis epidemiology“. All retrieved articles were analyzed. The review included original studies, as well as randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies.

Brief description of the state of knowledge:
The etiology of eosinophilic esophagitis has still not been precisely defined. It is believed that the direct cause of eosinophilic esophagitis is impaired function of the esophageal epithelium and eosinophils. Drugs used so far, such as PPIs and GCs, do not provide fully satisfactory results for patients, hence the search for a more optimal therapy is ongoing.

Summary:
Eosinophilic esophagitis is a disease that significantly reduces the quality of life of patients – current therapeutic options do not always permit long-term remission of symptoms. An increasingly better understanding of the pathomechanism of the disease allows for the introduction of precisely targeted treatment. Great hopes are placed on biological therapy.